US Foreign Policy in a Challenging World by Marco Clementi Matteo Dian & Barbara Pisciotta

Author:Marco Clementi, Matteo Dian & Barbara Pisciotta
Language: eng
Format: epub
Publisher: Springer International Publishing, Cham

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

47,601

51,814

56,933

59,730

60,940

65,040

75,364

79,030

84,697

91,081

Author’s elaboration from SIPRI, sipri.​org. Accessed 17 January 2017

The fourth and last dimension can be seen in the readiness explicitly manifested by the Russian leadership to resort to violence in order to achieve its aims (Evangelista 2015b). Moscow has not hesitated to employ the army on four occasions since 1989: against the Chechen separatists in order to regain the territories lost in 1996, a clash that dragged on until 2009; against Georgia in support of the secessionist claims of South Ossetia; against the Ukraine in order to annex Crimea; and against the Syrian rebels in order to support Assad and ensure that any change in leadership is in line with its interests in the area. As Putin said in a bitter attack on the foreign policy pursued by the USA and its allies: “They cheated us again and again, made decisions behind our back, presenting us with completed facts. That’s the way it was with the expansion of NATO in the East, with the deployment of military infrastructure at our borders. They always told us the same thing: ‘Well, this doesn’t involve you’” (New York Times 2014).

As we have seen so far, the roots of Russian discontent are embedded in the suspect legitimacy of a post-bipolar international system constantly moulded by the American strategy of promoting democracy, expanding the EU and above all enlarging NATO in East Europe. The Ukrainian crisis and the bloody Syrian conflict therefore offer two key opportunities for insight into the clash between grand strategy and revisionism.

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